8. Metodologi (Bab 3) #JomTulisTesis.
Okey, kita dah masuk ke bab 3 ya. Bab 3 ini bab metodologi. Metodologi ini memang kita bila salah huraian, kalau salah huraian memang salah semuanya ya. Jadi kalau kita lihat dalam bab 3. Okey, kita ada banyak subtopik. Tujuannya supaya kita sendiri faham dan pemeriksa pun faham, orang lain yang di mana-mana sahaja berada dalam Malaysia, luar negara, bila baca pun faham kerana kita huraikan secara kita menjalankan kajian. Itulah namanya metodologi. Jadi di sini kita lihat, kita ada banyak subtopik ya. Banyak subtopik di sini, iaitu pengenalan, reka bentuk kajian, kaedah kajian. Kaedah kajian terbahagi kepada sampel jika perlulah. Maknanya kalau ada, adalah kita menggunakan sampel. Dan juga kita ada lokasi, kalau kita menggunakan responden untuk kat sekolah ke, dekat mana-manalah, orang kampung ke. Kemudian, kita ada bahan ataupun instrumen kajian. Kita ada prosedur, analisis, kerangka teori, kerangka konseptual dan juga kesimpulan.
Okey, seperti biasa pengenalan kita, pengenalan kita tadi dalam satu perenggan. Itu tak ada masalahlah, iaitu 3.1 Pengenalan. Kemudian kita ada reka bentuk, okey reka bentuk. Dalam reka bentuk huraian itu dalam pendek je sebenarnya dalam satu perenggan je. Sebab kita jangan keliru ya, kita cuma. Dalam reka bentuk ni cuma kita nak jelaskan bahawa adakah kita menggunakan kaedah kualitatif atau kuantitatif, okey. Jadi itu kalau kita guna kedua-duanya, kita jelaskanlah. Okey, jadi kalau misalnya awak nak buat rujukan sikit dekat sini ke, menurut siapa-siapa, tapi adalah wajar untuk tidak beri definisi. Nak buat apa kita nak bagi definisi. Definisi kuantitatiflah, kemudian definisi kualitatiflah, nak buat apa. Tak perlu. Cuma kita memberikan bahawa, sebab ingat ye bab 3 ni huraian tentang kajian kita yang kajian nak jalankan ni.
Jadi dalam satu perenggan cerita pasal kualitatif atau kuantitatif atau kedua-duanya. Kemudian kita masuk ke 3.3 baru kaedah kajian. Kaedah kajian ini barulah yang kita nak jalankan kajian ini. Apa kaedah yang kita gunakan. Jadi kalau disini kalau kita gunakan sampel, kita letaklah. Kita akan letaklah siapa. Jadi, okey kita bagi contoh ya kalau sampel kajian saya menggunakan 20 orang pelajar. Jadi sekarang ini saya kena pastikan bahawa saya kena huraikan dengan terperinci iaitu saya pakai ni. Saya pakai sekolah rendah, lelaki berapa, perempuan berapa. Umur 9 tahun. Kena spesifik ya. Kena spesifik. Yang lelaki dan perempuan kena tulis berapa lelaki, berapa perempuan. Kita dah cakap sekolah rendah kan. Kemudian kita ada satu lagi, subtopik iaitu lokasi. Lokasi ini kita kena letaklah. Contoh, Sekolah Kebangsaan Serdang. Masalahnya sekarang saya tahu sekolah tu kat mana, pemeriksa tak tahu. Okey, pemeriksa tu mungkin tinggal di negeri lain dia tak tahu kat mana.
Mungkin kita akan letak koordinat okey, dan lebih bagus letak peta. Peta daripada Google Maps ke daripada yang jelas menunjukkan lokasi sekolah ini daripada jalan besar. Supaya orang “Oh, sekolah ni disini”. Dan juga awak kena tahulah sekolah ini luar bandar ataupun bandar. Jadi kena jelas terperinci itu yang saya kata dalam Metodologi kena terperinci. Jadi ada lokasi. Kemudian, kita ada bahan. Okey, tadi kita punya kajian ini tentang Wacana Tekstual Skrip Animasi ya. Jadi sekarang ini saya ada sampel, saya ada lokasi kajian ini. Sampel itu kita ambil pelajar sekolah untuk kita temubual untuk skrip animasi. Saya juga ada bahan ataupun instrumen yang saya gunakan. Jadi sekarang cerita tentang bahan ini, cerita tentang animasi cerita rakyat terbitan Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) yang ditulis oleh Normaliza Abd Rahim pada tahun ini.
Animasi cerita rakyat ini saya yang tulis ya dan lagu, lirik lagu, skrip semua saya yang buat dan diterbitkan oleh Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka. Dan kalau nak tengok boleh tengok di Google Store, ada 33 buah cerita dan 33 buah lagu. Ini promosi tiba-tiba. Okey, ni sekarang ini bolehlah siapa-siapa yang nak tunjuk kepada anak saudara, atau jiran punya anak saudara, atau jiran punya jiran punya anak saudara ataupun anak dia, cucu dia pun boleh. Murah je sebenarnya kita jual dan semua itu animasi saya buat. Memang saya buat dan DBP yang terbitkan. Maknanya memang bahasanya bagus, dan cerita rakyat ialah cerita rakyat Melayu kita turun temurun. Silalah tengok di Google Store, dekat Apple tiada.
Jadi sekarang bahan ini tadi kita masukkan ini. Kemudian, disini juga kita akan letak sinopsis. Sinopsis cerita rakyat. Contohnya tajuk cerita rakyat nombor satu iaitu Cenderawasih. Contoh ya, saya letak sinopsis di sini. Saya perlu letak sinopsis, sebab sekarang kita perlu ingat, kita tahu cerita ini, tetapi pemeriksa tak tahu. Orang yang nak baca tesis kita tak tahu. Jadi kita letaklah sinopsis. Kalau misalnya cerita ini saya ambil 20 cerita rakyat. Letak 20 sinopsis cerita dalam ni. Mesti letak dan perlu letak. Kemudian kita pergi ke prosedur. Jadi prosedur kita ini, kita kena letak kekadang ada terpulang kepada pelajar dan juga penyelia ya. Ada prosedur yang dia letak dalam bentuk point 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 sampai 10. Ada yang letak dalam bentuk perenggan bermakna kalau ada lima prosedur dia letak lima perenggan boleh, tak ada masalah. Asalkan kita tahu bahawa prosedur pertama ada kaitan dengan prosedur kedua ada kaitan dengan ketiga, keempat adalah berkaitan.
Janganlah nombor satu awak kata awak ambil apa nama ni awak panggil pelajar ataupun, eh tadi nak ikut objektif satu dia kenal pasti skrip wacana tekstual. Awak ambil skrip animasi tersebut kemudian awak analisis. Analisis dengan menggunakan ni ni ni ni tiba-tiba, prosedur kedua awak dah panggil pelajar untuk beri pendapat? Bilanya panggil budak tu membaca skrip tu? Bila pula tu. Macam seolah langkah itu prosedur dah melompat-lompat jadi salah. Jadi pastikan ini, terpulang bentuk point atau bentuk perenggan tetapi perenggan. Tetapi pastikan ia mengikut macam mana awak jalankan kajian, itu penting. Langkah-langkah bagaimana jalankan kajian tu. Awak je yang tahu orang lain semua tak tahu. Jadi kena langkah satu satu.
Okey balik kepada 3.5 merupakan analisis. Analisis ini penting ya sebab sekarang ini kita ada dua objektif. Jadi awak huraikan mengikut objektif pun boleh. Jadi awak huraikan analisis pertama. Pertama apa digunakan dengan cara begini. Jadi disinilah awak akan letak yang awak buat coding tadi. Ingat tak coding yang saya cerita kat dalam dekat dalam bab 4 tadi? Macam contoh, nanti kejap ya. Okey contohnya, awak dah buat coding SK1 hingga SK30 merupakan skrip lah. Skrip 1 hingga 30. S1 hingga S30 ialah sampel 1 hingga sampel 30. Jadi itu, analisis ini awak kena jelaskan dan huraian tadi jelas itu. SK ini biasanya kadang-kadang dia orang akan buat dalam bentuk jadual iaitu dalam maksudnya sini SK maknanya ni skrip.
Okey, bermakna SK1 maknanya skrip 1. Sampel tadi awak nak pakai sampel 1 bermakna sampel 1. Ini dia punya kotak, nanti huraian awak ceritalah SK merujuk kepada apa-apa dia hurai, hurai, hurai, hurai. Sebab ini coding ni penting. Sebab dalam data kalau tak ada coding-coding kita nak letak ni kita tak faham. Takkanlah kita nak cari tiap kali nak taip skrip 1, skrip 2, skrip 3. Tak bolehlah macam tu kan. Dan juga yang ni pula sebelum awak dah ada yang ini, kena ada pula satu lagi jadual yang menunjukkan SK1 maknanya cerita apa Cenderawasih. Okey SK2 cerita apa? Okey burung pipit contoh dia. Ini tajuk, tajuk daripada skrip. Skrip yang awak dapati daripada cerita animasi itu tadi. Kena letak inilah, ni letak lepastu hurai.
Kemudian bawah tu barulah awak ceritakan macam mana awak analisis data tersebut. Berikan contoh macam mana awak nak analisis. Jadi yang ini kadang-kadang pelajar pandai dia tengok Bab 4. Okey, macam mana dia bawa bab 4 tu sikit letak dekat sini. Contoh analisis supaya pemeriksa faham, “Oh, begini cara dia analisis rupanya untuk objektif 1”. “Oh, begini cara dianalisis untuk objekif 2”. Asingkan cara awak nak huraian tentang analisis objektif 1 dengan objektif 2 dan objektif 3. Dan disitulah baru pemeriksa akan faham cara analisis data ini ya. Seterusnya, setelah buat macam mana analisis, kita ada 3.4 Kerangka Teori. Jadi kerangka teori ini 3.4 ya.
Okey kerangka teori ni ialah pemilihan teori awak teori apa. Jadi sekarang tadi kita memilih Teori Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim 2019. Jadi lukislah kerangka teori, tulis sini Teori Analisis Wacana. Kemudian awak letak tadi seperti yang dapat tadilah. Jadi ini rangka dia. Kemudian bawah ini rajah 1 Teori Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim 2019. Kemudian, bila dah ada ini 3.4, barulah bawah ini huraikan tentang teori. Dalam rajah 1 di atas, da…da…daaa… Dan dalam inilah awak huraikan satu persatu ni huraian-huraian ni tentang teori Normaliza Abd Rahim ini. Yang ini sahaja lebih kurang 2 hingga 3 halaman sebab ini penting kerana huraian tentang teori ini penting Kerana macam saya katakan sebelum ini bahawa, kita menganalisis data kita jalankan kajian mesti berpaksikan teori. Tak ada teori memang payah nak jalan. Jadi takkan kita nak pakai analisis je.
Ada juga saya dapati bila saya jadi pemeriksa Viva ya, ada juga pelajar yang bila dia bentang-bentang memang terkejutlah. Mata saya terbuntang sekejap, ternganga sekejap, sebab dia kata “Oh, tiada teori yang digunakan”. Oh letih masa tu memang terkejut, memang tak tahu apa nak buat. Macam mana boleh analisis data tiada teori. Dia kata “Oh, saya rasa”, ini semua main “saya rasa” je ni memang tak kemanalah rasalah sendiri. Jadi sekarang dia rajah 1 huraikan semuanya. Tiap-tiap satu ini tapi ingat ya, huraian tentang teori janganlah salin bulat-bulat. Macam contohnya teori saya ada dalam buku saya ini. Kajian Wacana Strategi Komunikasi Teori dan Aplikasi.
Ada dalam buku teori tu, ada jugaklah budak pergi salin bulat-bulat. Dia ingatkan kita ni tak tengok ke. Saya rajin membaca ya. Jadi jangan, ubah ayat. Itu orang kata kena parafrasa ayat-ayat itu. Jadi, tapi kena sebutlah menurut Normaliza Abd Rahim (2019) kandungan bla..bla..bla. Jadi ceritakan, ceritakan tentang teori dan juga dalam teori ini boleh juga cerita tentang teori analisis wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim merujuk kepada teori yang dicadangkan oleh siapa-siapa sebelum ini. Memperbaiki teori yang terdahulu sebab teori yang lama semua yang didapati 1980, 1977. Ada yang terlalu lama sedangkan kita perlu tahu bahawa pada zaman dahulu, kita manusia pun berbeza. Kita dah digital sekarang.
Manusia dia lebih banyak bercakap dan berani bercakap secara maya. Dan juga sebenarnya itu memang boleh buat kajian banyak ya. Bila bercakap sekarang kanak-kanak kecil kita tanya satu dia jawab 46. Jadi dulu memang zaman dulu memang orang tua-tua cakap itu tanya dia satu soalan dijawab 10 tapi sekarang zaman 2020, kita tanya satu soalan dia jawab 47 jawapan. Memang kita nak dengar sampai kata-kata stop, dia tak berhenti-berhenti bagi jawapan. Siap kita pergi supermarket beli barang, tak habis lagi bagi jawapan. Itu kanak-kanak sekarang. Sebab itu kita tidak bolehlah, boleh pakai tetapi kadang-kadang tidak relevan dengan keadaan sekarang ini.
Tambahan pula, jika kita nak buat kajian tentang interaksi, tentang ujaran, tentang penulisan berbeza. Dulu punya tahun 6 dia punya tatabahasa dan berbeza dengan sekarang yang tahun 6 yang nak dekat sama macam tingkatan 5 zaman dulu. Jadi sangat berbeza, sebab itulah kita kalau jumpa teori yang baharu kita pakai yang baru. Sebab orang yang membuat kajian ini yang melahirkan teori ini, dia telah melakukan beratus-ratus kajian sebelum dia dapat satu teori ini. Seperti juga Teori Analisis Wacana Normaliza Abd Rahim, dia ni dah buat kajian nak dekat beratus baru dapat teori ini. Itu pun jenuh bertukar-tukar cuba ni lagi cuba eksperimen ini lagi, eksperimen itu tak jadi tak jadi. Akhirnya dia dapat satu yang boleh sesuai dengan keadaan zaman digital kita sekarang ini.
Okey setelah buat kerangka teori ini, kita ada 3.5 kerangka konseptual. Jadi kerangka konseptual ini mengikut penyelia masing-masinglah. Sebab ada penyelia yang mengatakan kerangka konseptual itu seperti tatacara. Ada yang mengatakan ini bukan kerangka konseptual. Okey, ini saya dah jelaskan dalam buku ini. sebenarnya semua ini tertakluk kepada penyelia fakulti dan Universiti. Dia cuma panduan je buku ni. Saya tak suruh pun beli buku ni. Tapi kalau nak carilah ada dekat shopee pun ada jual. Saya pun terkejut UPM, dia kata dekat Shopee pun boleh beli. Okey ni sekarang ini kalau kita lihat contoh yang saya nak tunjukkan tentang kerangka ini, yang sebelah kiri ini ya. Ini menunjukkan kerangka konseptual. Ini cara saya. Macam yang saya katakan tadi.
Mungkin penyelia lain berbeza, dia akan kata, “Eh ni bukan kerangka konseptual ini macam tatacara” ini, ada yang kata itu. Ada yang kata “Oh inilah cara lain”. Tak apa, jangan bimbang jangan gusar pelajar ya. Pelajar ikut je cakap penyelia masing-masing. Ingat ya ini panduan je. Saya nak ajar ni pun cara saya nak bagi supaya awak dapat bayangkan “Oh ini cara dia”. Tapi bila awak buat mungkin lain, tidak mengapa tak ada masalah ya. Bila kerangka konseptual tu ada, ni letak dalam satu halaman ni ya. Bila kerangka konseptual, bila kita lihat sekali sedangkan awak dah hurai semua ni dalam bab 3. Tapi bila sekali saya tengok baru saya faham alur dia tu, “Oh gunakan ini instrumen”, “Oh bahan dia ini”. Jadi kita dapat lihatlah dengan lebih jelas dekat sini.
Kalau saya nak terperinci, saya patah balik tengok dia punya huraian bagi tiap-tiap satu subtopik itu. Bagi saya itulah kerangka konseptual. Jadi bagi pelajar terpulanglah macam mana tapi ini bagi saya ini jelas. Okey kalau tengok bahan okey nak tengok lebih terperinci tengok dekat bab 3. Jadi ini letakkan di akhir. Jadi yang ini 3.5 ini tidak perlu huraian. Langsung tak perlu huraian kerana huraian sudah pun dibuat. Letak je kat atas ni satu halaman memang habis. Kemudian, 3.6 terus masuk kesimpulan. Jadi dalam kesimpulan ini macam biasa awak simpulkan daam satu perenggan. Ingat ya, macam saya katakan tadi semua bab ada kesimpulan kecuali bab 5. Semua bab ada pengenalan, semua bab ada takda yang terkecuali. Jadi kena ada.
Setiap bab pengenalan tu memang huraikan apa dalam bab. Okey untuk bab 3, biasa dia tanya “Prof berapa halaman ya bab 3?”. Jadi bab 3 ni kita sebenarnya tak, sebab kita cuma benda-benda semua huraian yang kita punya ya. Jadi tak perlu banyak. Bukanlah sampai 40 halaman. Okey dalam ni pun dia ada nyatakan biasanya yang ini saya, saya kata tak perlu banyak 10 hingga 12 macam tu. Jangan sampai 20 halaman. Kalau 20 halaman bendalah awak nak buat. Mungkin yang banyak tu disini, sinopsis cerita, mungkin itu yang banyak. Tetapi yang lain-lain itu semua, sebab kita jelas ya. Macam kita cerita pasal sampel okey ini dia, okey bahan ini dia la. Kalau contoh kita buat kajian tentang Instagram contoh dia kan. Jadi kita letak bahan, kita boleh screencapture satu contoh letak dekat situ. Okey contoh yang Instagram itulah. Kita boleh letak kat situ tapi ini tak perlulah. sebab kita ada sinopsis sikit bagi 20 cerita itu. kita itu jadi lebih panjang.
Dapatlah lebih kurang 10 hingga 12 halaman. Sebab ini bukan bab analisis, ini bab metodologi. Cara kita menjalankan kajian. Okey selain daripada itu, saya rasa untuk bab 3 kalau lihat semua saya dah jelaskan dengan terperinci dan juga huraian bagi setiap satu tu kena panjang ya, sampel, lokasi, bahan, kena panjang. Kadang-kadang ada juga pelajar yang letak kata rintis. Contoh-contohnya dalam prosedur ke lepas prosedur ke tentang rintis, kajian rintis. Boleh juga sebab kita nak maklumkan bahawa kajian rintis dijalankan. Kadang-kadang dia letak bab 3. Okey boleh juga nak diletakkan di situ supaya kadang-kadang yelah kajian rintis ni melibatkan soal selidik. Soal selidik kadang-kadang rintis-rintiskan sebanyak dua atau tiga kali round pun tak betul juga lagi. Cuba lagi banyak kali sehinggalah soal selidik itu betul-betul sempurna.
Jadi itu boleh jelaskan dalam ini. Tapi jika tidak melibatkan soalan tak mengapa. Kalau contoh ni tadi, dalam bahan ini tadi. Ini bahan sebab kajian ini melibatkan skrip kan. Jadi kalau melibatkan soalan temu bual. Maknanya, dalam sini kena ada satu lagi iaitu instrumen. Okey sebab ini tadi sebab tak pakai ya kajian. Jadi yang kalau melibatkan soal selidik kena adalah instrumen. Jadi disinilah awak kena huraikan instrumen apa, soal selidik. Jadi dalam soal selidik ini biasanya awak letak sajalah. Kalau kadang-kadang orang letak kat lampiran. Boleh juga tetapi jelaskan apa yang ada. Okey bahagian A mengandungi 5 soalan. apa dia, bahagian B apa dia, bahagian C apa dia. Okey ini 3.3.4.1.
Lepas tu, awak ada pula soalan temu bual. Macam mana temu bual dijalankan, huraikan disini. Dan juga soalan temu bual tu letaklah soalan 1 apa dia, soalan 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Disinilah kalau awak nak letakkan tentang kajian rintis. Jadi adalah semuanya disini. Jadi itu kalau awak pakai instrumen, kalau tiada tak perlu letaklah. Jadi sekarang kena ada. Jadi kalau misalnya, soal selidik itu tidak mahu letak disini. Biasa orang letak dalam lampiran. Soalan temu bual boleh letak sebab tak banyak soalan. Jadi biasanya kajian yang kita jalankan kita perlu adalah trianglelation ya. Maknanya sekarang dalam bahagian ini, kita ada temu bual, kita ada soal selidik, dan juga mungkin lagi satu dia ada buat pemerhatian.
Ia lah kalau dia nak jumpa pelajar itu, dia kena ada pemerhatian. Pastikan bahawa bila ada pemerhatian itu kita kena jelaskanlah dengan pelajar macam mana cara dia. Adakah awak pasang video letak kat tepi, awak perhatikan dia temu bual antara awak dengan pelajar itu atau dua orang pelajar kat depan. Awak kena letaklah video itu, kena ceritakan. Ceritakan itu cara-cara di sini. Cara-cara pemerhatian itu dijalankan. Selepas itu, semasa prosedur itu, awak jelaskan step by step daripada mula sampai habis. Kalau nak asingkan ikut objektif pun tak apa. Sebab objektif 1 awak tadi berbeza dengan objektif 2. Okey boleh faham tak ni. Jadi saya harap yang ini saya ulang balik, kita ada pengenalan, reka bentuk. Tengok sinilah senang, kita ada pengenalan, reka bentuk, kaedah, sampel, lokasi, bahan atau instrumen ini memang ada nyata di sini. Saya tertinggal tadi maaf ya.
Jadi kita ada bahan kita jelaskan bahan. Kalau kita ada bahanlah. Lepas itu kita asingkan dengan instrumen yang kita gunakan. Jadi kalau ada kedua-duanya letak dua-dua sekali. Tapi pastikan pernomboran itu berbeza. Kemudian, kita ada prosedur, analisis. Kemudian, kita ada kerangka teori dan kerangka konseptual. Dan akhirnya kesimpulan. Jadi, dalam bab ini lebih kurang 10 hingga 12 muka surat. Paling banyak pun 15. Jadi biasanya jarang pelajar buat sampai 15 halaman. Sebab tiada apa yang kita boleh jelaskan panjang lebar ya. Jadi ingat bab 3 ini sangat penting. Biasa bab 3 ini untuk kajian kita. Makna huraian tentang bagaimana cara untuk kita nak menjalankan kajian. Jadi yang dalam ini, ingat tidak perlulah bila awak tulis sampel, kemudian awal tulis definisi sampel. Nak buat apa? Kita tak mahu hendak baca tentang itu.
Ada juga pelajar tulis definisi, menurut kamus dewan bla bla bla. Memanglah nak kena garis dengan pen merah lah tu. Tidak perlu definisi-definisi semua ini. Sebab yang ini semua kita punya, pelajar punya. Kecuali di sini awak hendak cerita sedikit definisi, bukanlah definisi tetapi adalah rujukan, bolehlah. Kalau tiada rujukan tiada masalah. Sebab ingat bab 3 ini kita punya, kecuali teori. Teori bukanlah kita punya. Itu sahaja. Teori itu bukan kita punya, yang lain itu memang kita punya. Sebab kita hendak bagi pemeriksa faham tentang macam mana kajian kita dijalankan. Kita hendak bagitahu kalau misalnya pelajar lain, bila baca merujuk tesis kita, mereka akan faham terus tentang bagaimana kajian kita ini dijalankan ya.
TERJEMAHAN BAHASA INGGERIS
8. Metodology (Chapter 3) #Let'sWriteAThesis.
Okay, we've now on to chapter 3. Chapter 3 is a methodology chapter. This methodology is ours if the description is wrong, if the description is wrong, everything is wrong. So if we look at chapter 3. Okay, we have a lot of subtopics. The purpose is for us to understand and the examiners also understand, other people who are everywhere either in Malaysia, or abroad, when they read also can understand because we describe in the way we conduct the research. That is named by the methodology. So here we see we have a lot of subtopics. Many subtopics here, such as introduction, study design, research methods. The study method is divided into samples, if necessary. The meaning if any, is that we use a sample. And also we have a location, if we use the respondents, maybe respondents in the school, near anywhere, or maybe we use the villagers. Then, we have research materials or instruments. We have procedures, analysis, theoretical frameworks, conceptual frameworks and even conclusions.
Okay, as usual our introduction, our introduction earlier in one paragraph. That was supposely no problem, it is 3.1 Introduction. Then we have a design, okay design. In the design of the description in just short for sure, actually need to be only in one paragraph. Because we should not be confused. In this design we just want to explain that whether we use qualitative or quantitative methods, okay. So if we use both, we just explaining for both. Okay, so if for example you want to make a little reference near here, according to anyone, but it is reasonable not to give a definition. What do we need to do on that definition. Quantitative definition, then qualitative definition, what to do? No need. We just give that because remember, chapter 3 is a description of our study that the study wants to do this.
So in one paragraph the story is qualitative or quantitative or both. Then we go into the new 3.3 study method. This is the only method we want to conduct through this study. What method does we use. So here if we use a sample, just put it. We will place who. So, it's okay for us to give an example, if my study sample uses 20 students. So now I have to make sure that I have to describe in detail that I use those sampel. I use sampel of primary school, how many boys, how many girls. Maybe they are 9 years old. Be specific. Be specific. Either man and women, have to write how many men, how many women. We already talked about primary school. Then we have another, subtopic that is location. We have to put this location. For example, Sekolah Kebangsaan Serdang. The problem now is maybe I know where the school is, but the examiner does not know. Okay, maybe the examiner lives in another country, so that he does not know where are the place.
Maybe we will place the coordinates okay, and better place the map. Maps from Google Maps to out clearly show the location of this school from the highway. So that people "Oh, this school is here". And also you have to know this school is rural or urban. So it must be clear in detail that I said in the Methodology must be detailed. So there is a location. Then, we have the materials. Okay, just now we had this study on Animated Script Textual Discourse yes. So now I have a sample, I have the location of this study. The sample we take school students for us to interview for the animated script. I also have materials or instruments that I use. So now the story about this material, the story about the animated folklore published by Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) that are written by Normaliza Abd Rahim this year.
I wrote this folklore animation and the songs, song lyrics, scripts were all written and published by the Language and Library Council. And if you look at the Google Store, there are 33 stories and 33 songs. It's a sudden promotion. Okay, now it is permissible for anyone to point to your child, or a neighbor to have a sibling, or a neighbor to have a child, sibling or child, even his grandchildren. We actually sell it very cheap, and I made all of those animations. Indeed, I made and published by DBP. The meaning is indeed the language is good, and folklore is the folklore of our Malay people from generation stories. Please look at the Google Store, but Apple does not have.
So now we put this in this material. Then, here we will also place a synopsis. Synopsis of folklore. For example, the folklore title number one, namely Cenderawasih. For example, I will place a synopsis here. I need a synopsis, because now we need to remember, we know this story, but the examiner does not know. The person who will read our thesis did not know. So we lay the synopsis. For example, I take 20 folk tales. The location of 20 story synopsis in this. Must be a location and need a location. Then we go to procedures. So our procedure, we get a location sometimes it is depends on the students and supervisors. There are procedures that are located in the form of points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 to 10. There are procedures that are located in the form of a paragraph, meaning that if there are five procedures, they are located in the form of five paragraph, there is no problem. Provided we know that the first procedure is related to the second procedure is related to the third, the fourth is related.
Don't be the number one you say you take what this name you call a student or, maybe just wanted to follow objective one he identified the textual discourse script. You can also take the animated script and then you analyze it. Analysis using this…this…this… all of a sudden, the second procedure you have called students to give an opinion? When did you call the boy to read the script? When was that. It seems that the step of the procedure has jumped so it is wrong. So make sure this is up to the point form or paragraph form but paragraph. But make sure it depends on how you conduct the study, that is important. Steps on how to conduct the study. You only the one who knows, but everyone else do not know. So then, need to follow the step at a time.
Okey, now back to 3.5 which is analysis. This analysis is important because now we have two objectives. So the description can follow the objective. So you hurried the first analysis. First what is used in this way. So this is where you will be where you wrote the coding earlier. Remember the coding I talked about in chapter 4 earlier? Kinds of examples, let's snap it up. Okay, for example, you have made coding SK1 to SK30 for the script. Scripts 1 through 30. S1 to S30 are sample for sample 1 until 30. So that, you get to explain this analysis and the outline was clear. This SK is usually sometimes people will make it in the form of a schedule. That is in the meaning here, SK means the script.
Okay, lets say SK1 means script 1. The sample you want to use sample 1 means sample 1. There are a box, later your description will decript that SK is refers to anything, then describes…describes… describes… This is a big why coding is important. Because in the data if there is no coding, we want to put this, we will not understand. We do not want to search every time we want to type script 1, script 2, script 3. It can not be like that. And also this one before you have this one, there must be another table that shows SK1 the meaning of what Paradise story is. Okay SK2 what story? Okay sparrow for exampl. This is the title, whish is the title of the script. The script you got from the animated story just now. It has to be in this place, this is the place where it will be explained.
Then down there you tell me how you analyzed the data. Give an example of how you want to analyze. So this is sometimes, a clever students, they just looks at Chapter 4. Okay, how does he bring chapter 4 a little near here. Example of analysis so that the examiner understands, "Oh, this is how he analyzes apparently for objective 1". "Oh, this is how it is analyzed for objective 2". Separate the way you want to describe the analysis of objective 1 with objective 2 and objective 3. And that is where the examiner will understand how to analyze this data. Next, after doing some kind of analysis, we have 3.4 Theoretical Framework. So this theoretical framework is on point 3.4.
Okay the theoretical framework is the selection of your theory of what kind of theory you want to use. So now we have chosen the Theory of Discourse Analysis Normaliza Abd Rahim 2019. So draw a theoretical framework, write here Theory of Discourse Analysis. Then you put it as it used to be. So this is his skeleton. Then below is figure 1 Theory of Discourse Analysis Normaliza Abd Rahim 2019. Then, when there is this 3.4, then below explain about the theory. In figure 1 above, da… da… daaa… And in this you describe one by one these descriptions of this theory of Normaliza Abd Rahim. This alone alone is about 2 to 3 pages because this is important because the description of this theory is important. There is no theory that it is difficult to walk. So we do not want to use je analysis.
I also found that when I became a Viva examiner, there were also students who when they were presented were really surprised. My eyes widened for a moment, gaping for a moment, because he said "Oh, no theory is used". Oh tired of that time I was really surprised, I really don't know what to do. How can he analysis the data without any theoretical. He said "Oh, I think", he meep saying "I think", this is not where you feel. So now he figure 1 describes everything. Each of these but remember yes, the description of the theory should not be completely copied. For example, my theory is in my book. Discourse Study of Communication Theory and Application Strategies.
In the theory book, there are also slaves, go and copy completely. He reminded us not to look. I am diligent in reading yes. So don't, change the sentence. That's what people say to paraphrase those verses. So, but it should be mentioned according to Normaliza Abd Rahim (2019) content blah..blah..blah. So the story, the story about the theory and also in this theory can also be the story about the theory of discourse analysis Normaliza Abd Rahim refers to the theory proposed by anyone before. Improving previous theories because the old theories are all found 1980, 1977. Some are too old while we need to know that in ancient times, we humans were different. We are digital now.
Human speaks more and dares to speak virtually. And also in fact that can indeed do a lot of research. If now, when we talks to a little children, we ask one question, but he answered 46. So in the old days it was true the old people said it asked him one question answered 10. But now in 2020, we ask one question he answered 47 answers. Indeed, we want to hear until the words stop, he will not stop answering. Even after we are ready to go to the supermarket to for buying things, there is no end of their words. That's how the kids nowdays. That is why we can not use it, but sometimes not relevant to the current situation.
Furthermore, if we want to do a research on interaction, on speech, on different writing. If we used to have year 6, may the has grammar and it is surely different from now, that year 6 nowdays they want to be close to the same level as Form 5 in the past. So it is very different, that is why when we find a new theory, we adopt a new one. Because the person who made this study gave a birth to this theory, he has done hundreds of studies before he got those theory, like Normaliza Abd Rahim's Discourse Analysis Theory, she has done a hundred research just for finding of new, to get this theory. That is too saturated exchanging, try this again, try this experiment again, the experiment did not happen. Finally she got one that can be fit in the current state of our digital era.
Okay, after creating this theoretical framework, we have 3.5 conceptual frameworks. So this conceptual framework follows each supervisor. Because there are supervisors who say the conceptual framework is like a procedure. Some say this is not a conceptual framework. Okay, I have explained this in this book. In fact all of this is subject to the faculty supervisor and the University. They just a guide to this book. I didn't even tell me to buy this book. But if you're looking for something near a shopee, there's also a sale. I was also surprised that UPM said it could buy it there. Okay now, if we look at the example I show you about this framework, the one on the left is right. This shows a conceptual framework. This is my way. Those kind of things that I said earlier.
Maybe other supervisors are different, maybe some of the will say, "Oh this is not a conceptual framework, but it was a procedure", some say that. Some say "Oh this is another way". It's okay, don't worry, please don't be upset.. Students just need to follow the instructions of their respective supervisors. Remember, this is a guide. I want to teach how, the way I want to share so that you can imagine "Oh this is his way". But if you do something else, it doesn't matter, there is no problem. If the conceptual framework exists, it is placed in one page. When the conceptual framework, when we look at it once while you have described all this in chapter 3. But once I look at it I understand the groove, "Oh use this instrument", "Oh this material". So we can see more clearly near here.
If I want to be detailed, I will go and look back to see that he has a description for each of these subtopics. For me that is the conceptual framework. So for students it depends on how but this for me is clear. Okay if you look at the material okay I want to see more details look near chapter 3. So put this at the end. So this 3.5 does not need a description. There is no need for a description at all because the description has already been made. Put je kat at the top of this one page is finished. Then, 3.6 continues to enter the conclusion. So in this conclusion as usual you conclude in one paragraph. Remember, as I said earlier, all chapters have conclusions except chapter 5. All chapters have an introduction, all chapters have no exceptions. So there must be.
Each introductory chapter does describe what is in the chapter. Okay for chapter 3, he usually asks "Prof how many pages is chapter 3?". So this chapter 3 we actually do not, because we are just things all the descriptions we have yes. So you don't need much. Not up to 40 pages. Okay in this, he also mentioned that this is usually me, I said there is no need up for 10 to 12 like that. Not up to 20 pages. If 20 pages of stuff you want to make. Maybe that's a lot here, synopsis of the story, maybe that's a lot. But the rest is all, because we need to be clear. Like we told the story about the sample, that is okay, this material is okay. If for example we do a study on Instagram, for example. So we need to put the material, maybe we can do a screencapture for an example, and put near there. Okay example that Instagram. We can put it there but this is not a necessary. It is because we have a little synopsis for those 20 stories. Thats are so much longer.
Get about 10 to 12 pages. Because this is not an analysis chapter, this is a methodology chapter. The way we conduct research. Okay apart from that, I think for chapter 3 if you look at everything I have explained in detail and also the description for each one has to be long, the sample, location, material, have to be long. Sometimes there are also students who put the pilot word. Examples in post-procedure procedures to about pilot, pilot study. It could also be because we want to inform that a pilot study is being conducted. Sometimes he puts chapter 3. Okay, you can also want to put it there so that sometimes this pilot study involves a questionnaire. Questionnaires are sometimes piled up two or three times even incorrectly. Try again and again until the questionnaire is completely perfect.
So that can be explained in this. But if it does not involve questions it does not matter. If this is an example, in this material just now. This is the material because this study involves scripts. So if it involves interview questions. Meaning, here there must be another instrument. Okay, this is the reason why I did not use the study. So if it involves a questionnaire, it should be an instrument. So here you have to describe what instrument, questionnaire. So in this questionnaire you usually just put it. If sometimes people put it in the attachment. Yes, but you can explain what is there. Okay part A contains 5 questions. what was that question?, part B what it is, part C what it is. Okay this 3.3.4.1.
After that, you also have an interview question. How the interview was conducted, describe here. And also the interview question put question 1 what is he, questions 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7. Here if you want to put about a pilot study. So it is all here. So if you use an instrument, if there is no need to put it. So now there must be. So if for example, the questionnaire does not want to be placed here. Ordinary people put in attachments. Interview questions can be asked because there are not too many questions. Usually for the study we do need to have a trianglelation. That is meaning on this section, we have an interview, we have a questionnaire, and maybe another one is for the observation.
That is, if we wants to meet the student, we has to do an observation at first. Make sure that when there is an observation we have to explain to the student what kind of way he is. Did you put a video on the side, did you notice him interviewing you and the student or two students in the front. You have to put the video, you have to tell it. Tell me the ways here. The means of observation are carried out. After that, during the procedure, you need to explain the step by step from start until the end. If you want to separate according to the objective, it does not matter. Because your objective 1 was different from objective 2. Okay, you understand this right. So, I hope this one, I repeat again, we have an introduction, a design. Just look here, we have the introduction, design, method, sample, location, material or instrument is really here. I forgot just now, sorry for that.
So we have the material we explain the material. If we have the ingredients. Then we isolate it with the instrument we use. So if there are both, put them both at once. But make sure the numbering is different. Then, we have the procedure, the analysis. Then, we have a theoretical framework and a conceptual framework. And finally the conclusion. So, in this chapter about 10 to 12 pages. At most 15. So usually students rarely make up to 15 pages. Because there is nothing we can explain at length yes. So remember this chapter 3 is very important. This chapter 3 that is the common of our studies. The meaning of the description of how we want to conduct the research. So in this, remember it is not necessary when you write a sample, then first write the sample definition. What do you want to do with that? The examiners or anyone do not want to read about that.
There are also students write definitions, according to the board dictionary blah blah blah. Indeed, it will just being cross by the red pen. There is no need for any of these definitions. Because this is all we have, students have. Except if here you want to tell a little definition, not a definition but a reference, that's fine. If there is no reference there is no problem. Because remember this chapter 3 we have, except for theory. The theory is not ours. That's all. We don't have the theory, we use from others. Because we want the examiners understand how our study carried out. We want to tell if, for example, other students, if they read by referring on our thesis, they will surely understand on how does our study been carried out.
Rujukan:
Prof. Dr Normaliza Abd Rahim. (2020). 8. Metodologi (Bab 3) #JomTulisTesis. Diakses pada Januari 7, 2021 melalui pautan
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